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The bacterium that causes whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is Bordetella pertussis. It is a small, Gram-negative coccobacillus that is found in the nasopharynx of infected individuals. This bacterium is highly contagious and is spread through respiratory droplets that are released when...

Stage 4 bony ankylosis is a condition caused by inflammation of the joint, resulting in the fusion of two or more bones. This can cause restricted movement in the joint, as well as pain and stiffness. Treatment may involve medications, physical therapy and, in some cases, surgery. In severe...

Pancreatitis can be acute or chronic, and is most commonly caused by gallstones, excessive alcohol consumption, or certain medications. Acute pancreatitis is usually diagnosed with blood tests, imaging tests, and endoscopic ultrasound. Chronic pancreatitis is usually diagnosed with tests such as...

Acid reflux is a common condition that can be difficult to manage. It's important to understand the underlying causes of your acid reflux to effectively treat it. In some cases, lifestyle modifications such as avoiding acidic foods and drinks, eating smaller, more frequent meals, and quitting...

Thin people can get diabetes because of a combination of lifestyle factors and genetic predisposition. Lifestyle factors such as poor diet, lack of exercise, and stress can all contribute to diabetes. Additionally, certain genetic factors, such as having a family history of diabetes, can also...

Stage 4 sarcoma is a very serious form of cancer, and is usually difficult to treat. However, there are a range of treatment options available, such as chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. In addition, new treatments and techniques are being developed all the time, so it is important to keep up...

Teeth grinding, also known as bruxism, can be harmful if it is done too often or too intensely. It can cause tooth damage, jaw pain, and headaches. Over time, teeth grinding can also wear down the enamel of your teeth, leading to increased sensitivity and a higher risk of cavities and infection...

The main hormone associated with weight gain in acromegaly is growth hormone (GH). GH is produced in the pituitary gland and is responsible for several aspects of growth, including increasing body size. When too much GH is produced, it can lead to weight gain and an enlargement of the hands...

No, adenovirus and COVID-19 are not related. Adenovirus is a family of several hundred viruses that can cause a variety of illnesses in humans, including the common cold, pink eye, and bronchitis. COVID-19 is a novel virus, meaning it was not previously identified, which is related to the...

The most common cause of dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, is a neurological disorder. This could be something like a stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or muscular dystrophy. These conditions can affect the muscles and nerves needed for swallowing, making it difficult or even...

There are a few possible explanations for why your child's pupils may be constantly dilated. Firstly, it could be due to an underlying medical condition such as anemia, diabetes or an eye problem. Secondly, it could be caused by drugs or medication that your child is taking. Lastly, it could be...

Actinomycetes are a group of bacteria that are often found in soil and in aquatic environments. They are generally rod-shaped and have a filamentous structure. To determine if you have actinomycetes, you can collect a sample of the area in question and examine it under a microscope. Look for...

The survival rate for children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) varies depending on the type of NHL and other factors. Generally, about 80-90% of children with NHL can be cured. For more advanced cases, the survival rate may be lower. Other factors that may influence the survival rate include...

The sister disease to lupus is called Sjogren's Syndrome. This autoimmune disease affects the eyes, mouth, and other parts of the body. It is characterized by dryness in these areas, which can cause pain, fatigue, and difficulty with everyday activities. Additionally, people with Sjogren's...

Paget's disease is a disorder of bone metabolism that can affect any bone in the body. It is most commonly seen in the spine, pelvis, skull, and long bones of the arms and legs. The starting point of Paget's disease is not completely understood, but it is believed to be caused by a combination...

Hypoplasia of teeth is a condition that occurs when the enamel of the teeth does not form properly. This can lead to weakened or thin enamel, discolored teeth, and an increased risk of tooth decay and cavities. In some cases, the affected teeth may be more susceptible to wear and tear. Treatment...

There are two main types of artery occlusion: complete and partial. Complete occlusion occurs when an artery is completely blocked, while partial occlusion occurs when the artery is partially blocked, usually due to a narrowing. Both types of occlusion can lead to a variety of health...

Yes, it is important to eat breakfast even if you are not feeling hungry. Eating a healthy breakfast provides your body with the fuel it needs to perform optimally throughout the day. It also helps to keep your blood sugar levels stable, preventing hunger pangs later on in the day. When you skip...

The pancreas is an important organ that helps to regulate blood sugar levels and helps to break down fats and proteins. Some of the best superfoods for the pancreas include dark leafy greens such as spinach and kale, as well as cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and cauliflower. Additionally...

Innovations in sporting equipment have had a major impact on the way athletes train and compete. For example, modern running shoes have been designed to be more aerodynamic, reducing drag and improving performance. Swimmers have access to a range of new suits that are made with materials that...