Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is an inherited disorder that affects sexual development in people with XY chromosomes. People with AIS are genetically male, but their bodies are unable to respond to androgens, a type of male sex hormone. As a result, they may develop female physical characteristics, such as breasts.
Causes of Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
AIS is caused by mutations in the androgen receptor gene, located on the X chromosome. This gene is responsible for producing the androgen receptor, which binds to androgens and signals the cells to respond to them. When the gene is mutated, the androgen receptor does not work properly, and the body does not respond to androgens as it should.
Effects of Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
People with AIS may have a variety of physical characteristics, including female-appearing genitals, breasts, and a lack of facial or body hair. As they age, they may also experience delayed puberty, infertility, and other health issues.
Breast Development in People with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
People with AIS may develop breasts because their bodies are unable to respond to androgens. Without androgens, the body produces too much of the female hormone estrogen, which can cause breast development. In addition, the lack of androgens causes the body to produce less testosterone, which can also lead to breast development.
Treatment of Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Treatment for AIS depends on the individual's symptoms and the severity of the disorder. Some people may need hormone replacement therapy to help regulate their hormones and reduce the effects of AIS. Others may need surgery to correct any physical abnormalities. In some cases, counseling or support groups may be beneficial for people with AIS to help them cope with the physical and emotional effects of the disorder.