Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder characterized by difficulty moving food or liquid from the mouth to the stomach. It can affect people of all ages and is often associated with conditions such as stroke, head and neck cancer, ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), and neurological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease. Dysphagia can also be caused by developmental delays, autoimmune diseases, and certain medications.
Anyone can develop dysphagia, but it is most common among older adults, particularly those who are hospitalized, in long-term care facilities, or have a chronic illness. Children with neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder may also be at risk for dysphagia. Other risk factors include stroke, head and neck cancer, and neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis. Additionally, people with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may experience dysphagia due to weakened esophageal muscles.
In some cases, dysphagia can be mild and require no treatment. However, if the disorder is severe or chronic, a speech-language pathologist may be able to help. Treatment plans may include dietary changes, exercise, and speech therapy. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat underlying conditions that are causing dysphagia.