Ataxia-Telangiectasia (AT) is an inherited disorder that affects the nervous and immune systems and is caused by a mutation in a gene called ATM. The disorder is characterized by progressive difficulty with walking and coordination, telangiectasias (small clusters of dilated blood vessels in the skin and eyes), and an increased risk of infections. AT is a rare disorder and is estimated to affect one out of every 40,000 to 100,000 people worldwide.
Symptoms of Ataxia-Telangiectasia
The most common symptoms of AT are difficulty with walking and coordination, telangiectasias, and an increased risk of infections. Difficulty with walking and coordination is usually the first symptom to appear and can range from mild to severe. Telangiectasias, which are small clusters of dilated blood vessels in the skin and eyes, typically appear in early childhood. People with AT are also at an increased risk for infections, including those caused by bacteria and viruses.
Causes of Ataxia-Telangiectasia
AT is caused by a mutation in a gene called ATM. This gene is responsible for making a protein that is involved in many important cellular processes, including DNA repair and cell division. When the gene is mutated, the protein does not work properly, which can lead to the development of the disorder.
Diagnosis of Ataxia-Telangiectasia
AT is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examinations, family history, and genetic testing. A physical examination can help to identify any physical symptoms that may be associated with the disorder, such as difficulty with walking and coordination and telangiectasias. A family history can also be helpful, as the disorder can be inherited from a parent. Finally, genetic testing can be used to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment of Ataxia-Telangiectasia
There is no cure for AT, but there are treatments available that can help to reduce the symptoms and slow the progression of the disorder. These treatments can include physical therapy, occupational therapy, medications to help manage infections, and vitamins and supplements to help support the immune system.