Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that affects around 15 million people in the United States. It is frequently seen in children, but can affect people of all ages. The exact cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but several factors are believed to contribute to the development of the condition.
Genetic Factors
Genetics play a major role in the development of atopic dermatitis. Studies have found that people with a family history of atopic dermatitis, asthma, and hay fever are more likely to develop the condition. These individuals also tend to experience more severe symptoms than those without a family history.
Environmental Factors
Environmental factors such as air pollution, temperature, humidity, and exposure to certain allergens can trigger or worsen the symptoms of atopic dermatitis. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, animal dander, and mold can cause the skin to become inflamed and itchy. In some cases, contact with certain materials such as wool or synthetic fabrics can also cause a flare-up.
Immune System Abnormalities
People with atopic dermatitis have an abnormal response to certain triggers, such as allergens, which causes the immune system to react in an exaggerated way. This leads to inflammation and itching. Abnormalities in the immune system are thought to be a major contributor to the development and symptoms of atopic dermatitis.
Skin Barrier Defects
The skin of people with atopic dermatitis is more prone to irritation due to defects in the skin barrier. This makes it easier for allergens and other irritants to penetrate the skin and cause a reaction. Skin barrier defects also allow moisture to escape, leading to dry, cracked skin.
Psychological Factors
Psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and depression can trigger or worsen the symptoms of atopic dermatitis. Stress can cause the skin to become more sensitive and reactive, leading to flares. It is important to manage stress and anxiety to reduce the symptoms of atopic dermatitis.
The root cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but it is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, immune system, and skin barrier defects, as well as psychological factors. Treatment of atopic dermatitis focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing flares.