Anemia is a common complication of malignancy, and it is estimated that between 30 and 60 percent of cancer patients have some degree of anemia. Anemia is often caused by a combination of factors, and the most common cause is decreased production of healthy red blood cells due to the cancer itself or its treatment. Other causes of anemia in cancer patients include:
Decreased Red Blood Cell Production
There are a few possible causes of decreased red blood cell production in cancer patients. Cancer cells can directly interfere with the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to anemia. Additionally, chemotherapy and radiation therapy can damage the bone marrow, leading to decreased red blood cell production. Finally, some medications used to treat cancer can also affect the bone marrow’s ability to produce healthy red blood cells.
Blood Loss
Blood loss can also lead to anemia in cancer patients. This can be caused by cancer itself or its treatments. Cancer tumors can cause internal bleeding, and some types of chemotherapy can damage the veins and arteries, leading to bleeding. Additionally, some cancer treatments can weaken the walls of the intestines, leading to gastrointestinal bleeding.
Nutritional Deficiencies
Nutritional deficiencies can be a cause of anemia in cancer patients. Inadequate intake of iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 can all lead to anemia. Cancer patients may be at an increased risk for nutritional deficiencies due to nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite associated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Additionally, cancer itself can cause decreased absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract.
Inflammation
Inflammation can also cause anemia in cancer patients. Chronic inflammation can cause the body to produce fewer healthy red blood cells, leading to anemia. Additionally, inflammation can cause the body to produce fewer clotting factors, leading to increased risk of bleeding. Cancer itself can cause chronic inflammation, as can some types of chemotherapy.
