The main cause of bladder cancer is believed to be long-term exposure to certain carcinogens, such as cigarette smoke, certain industrial chemicals, and certain medications. Cigarette smoking is the most significant risk factor for bladder cancer, resulting in up to half of all bladder cancers in the United States. Other environmental factors that may increase the risk of bladder cancer include exposure to certain industrial chemicals, such as arsenic, coal tar, and petroleum products. In addition, some medications, such as the diuretic drug phenacetin, have also been linked to bladder cancer.
It is believed that these carcinogens affect the cells lining the bladder, leading to DNA mutations that can cause cells to grow and divide abnormally, ultimately resulting in cancer. These carcinogens can be inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin. They accumulate in the urine, which is then stored in the bladder, leading to further exposure.
The risk of bladder cancer increases with age, and men are more likely than women to be diagnosed. People with a family history of bladder cancer or who have a weakened immune system are also more likely to develop the disease.
