Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects multiple endocrine glands, including the pituitary, thyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands. It is characterized by the production of autoantibodies that attack and destroy the cells of the endocrine glands. The incidence of APS is estimated to be around 0.06-0.2% of the general population. The most common type of APS is Type 1, which is caused by a genetic mutation in the AIRE gene and is more prevalent in females. Other types of APS include Type 2 and Type 3, both of which can be caused by a variety of genetic and environmental factors.
The symptoms of APS vary depending on the type and severity of the disorder, but may include fatigue, weight loss, fever, diarrhea, skin rashes, headaches, nausea, vomiting, and muscle and joint pain. Diagnosis of APS is made through a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and endocrine function tests. Treatment typically includes medications to control the autoantibodies and to restore endocrine gland function, as well as lifestyle modifications.