Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) is a group of autoimmune diseases that affect multiple endocrine glands. The condition is characterized by a combination of two or more endocrine disorders, such as hypothyroidism, Addison's disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypoparathyroidism.
What Causes Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome?
The exact cause of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome is unknown, but it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. A person's genes play a role in the development of the condition, though the exact genetic cause is still unknown.
Environmental factors, such as exposure to certain drugs, infections, or other environmental triggers, may also play a role in the development of APS. These factors may trigger the body's immune system to attack the endocrine glands, leading to the development of the condition.
Diagnosis of Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome
The diagnosis of APS is based on a combination of medical history, physical exam, and laboratory tests. Medical history may include questions about family history, lifestyle, and environmental exposures. Physical exam may include looking for signs of endocrine dysfunction, such as fatigue, weight loss, and skin changes.
Laboratory tests may include blood tests to measure hormone levels, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone, cortisol, and parathyroid hormone. Other tests may include imaging studies, such as a CT scan or MRI, to look for signs of endocrine dysfunction.
Treatment of Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome
Treatment of APS depends on the type and severity of the condition. In mild cases, treatment may include lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding triggers that may worsen the condition, and taking medications to manage symptoms. In more severe cases, treatment may include immunosuppressive drugs to suppress the immune system and prevent the body from attacking the endocrine glands.
In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove or repair the affected endocrine glands. Surgery is typically reserved for cases where other treatments have failed or if the condition has caused permanent damage to the endocrine glands.