Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is the leading preventable cause of birth defects and developmental disabilities in the United States. It is caused by a pregnant mother's drinking alcohol during her pregnancy. FAS can cause a wide range of physical, mental, and behavioral problems in the baby.
Signs and Symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
FAS is a spectrum disorder, meaning that the effects of it can range from mild to severe. Common signs and symptoms of FAS include:
• Low birth weight
• Facial abnormalities, such as small eyes, an underdeveloped upper jaw, and a thin upper lip
• Poor coordination and physical development
• Mental retardation
• Hyperactivity and poor impulse control
• Learning disabilities
• Speech and language delays
• Poor academic performance
• Behavioral problems, such as aggression, anxiety, and depression
Risk Factors for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
The greatest risk factor for FAS is drinking alcohol during pregnancy. The more alcohol a pregnant mother drinks, the greater the risk of her baby developing FAS. However, even small amounts of alcohol can cause FAS.
Other risk factors for FAS include:
• Poor nutrition
• Smoking
• Use of drugs, such as cocaine
• Poor prenatal care
• Age of the mother (teenagers are more at risk)
• Stress
• Genetic factors
Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
FAS can be difficult to diagnose, as it can often be mistaken for other conditions, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). To diagnose FAS, doctors will typically look for the physical signs and symptoms, as well as the risk factors.
If the doctor suspects FAS, they may order additional tests, such as a hearing and vision screening, an MRI, or a chromosome test. Additionally, a doctor may refer the patient to a specialist, such as a neurologist or geneticist.
Treatment for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
There is no cure for FAS. However, early diagnosis and treatment can help reduce the severity of the symptoms. Treatment can include:
• Medication for behavioral problems
• Speech, physical, and occupational therapy
• Special education services
• Behavioral therapy
• Support groups
Additionally, pregnant women should abstain from alcohol completely to prevent FAS.