Bulimia nervosa, commonly referred to as bulimia, is a serious and potentially life-threatening eating disorder. It is characterized by a cycle of binge eating followed by purging in an effort to manage weight. People with bulimia often have a distorted body image and may feel out of control when it comes to their eating habits and behavior.
Signs and Symptoms
Common signs and symptoms of bulimia nervosa include:
• Eating large amounts of food in a short amount of time (binge eating)
• Feeling a loss of control over eating
• Feeling guilty or ashamed after eating
• Engaging in behaviors to compensate for eating, such as purging (vomiting), excessive exercise, fasting, or using laxatives or diuretics
• Frequent fluctuations in body weight
• Preoccupation with body weight or shape
Causes
The exact cause of bulimia nervosa is not known. However, it is thought to be a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Factors that may contribute to the development of bulimia include:
• Genetics: It is thought that genetics may play a role in the development of bulimia.
• Brain chemistry: Abnormal levels of certain chemicals in the brain, such as neurotransmitters, may play a role in eating disorder behaviors.
• Stressful life events: Traumatic events, such as physical or emotional abuse, or a major life change, such as a divorce or death of a loved one, may contribute to the development of bulimia.
• Cultural pressures: Societal pressures to be thin or to conform to a certain body shape may lead to disordered eating behaviors.
Complications
Bulimia can cause serious health problems. Complications of bulimia nervosa can include:
• Electrolyte imbalances: Frequent purging activities can lead to an imbalance of electrolytes in the body, which can cause irregular heart rhythms, seizures, and even death.
• Gastrointestinal problems: Purging can lead to inflammation and irritation of the stomach and intestines, which can cause abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
• Dehydration: Purging can also lead to dehydration, which can cause fatigue, dizziness, and weakness.
• Tooth decay: Frequent vomiting can cause damage to the enamel of the teeth.
• Heart problems: Bulimia can lead to an irregular heartbeat and even heart failure.
• Kidney failure: Purging can cause an electrolyte imbalance that can lead to kidney failure.
• Depression: People with bulimia often struggle with depression and anxiety.
• Suicidal thoughts and behaviors: People with bulimia are more likely to experience suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
Treatment
Bulimia nervosa is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition. Treatment is often necessary to help people with bulimia manage their symptoms and regain control of their eating behaviors. Treatment for bulimia may include:
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on helping people identify and change unhealthy thoughts and behaviors related to their eating.
• Interpersonal therapy (IPT): IPT is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on helping people improve their relationships with others.
• Nutritional counseling: People with bulimia can benefit from working with a dietitian or nutritionist to learn healthy eating habits and develop a balanced meal plan.
• Medications: In some cases, medications such as antidepressants may be used to help manage symptoms of bulimia.
• Support groups: Joining a support group can be helpful for people with bulimia, as it can provide a safe space to talk about their experiences and to connect with others who are also dealing with similar issues.