Motor Neuron Disease (MND) is a rare, progressive neurological condition that affects the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. These motor neurons control the muscles that enable us to move, talk, swallow and breathe. As the condition progresses, the motor neurons become damaged and eventually stop working, leading to muscle weakness, wasting and paralysis. MND is a serious and terminal condition and the main cause of death in people with MND is respiratory failure.
Causes of Respiratory Failure in MND
MND causes the muscles that control breathing to become weak and eventually stop working entirely. This leads to respiratory failure, which is caused by a combination of factors.
Weakness of the Respiratory Muscles
The main cause of respiratory failure in MND is the weakening of the diaphragm and other muscles that are responsible for respiration. As these muscles become weaker, the body becomes less able to move air in and out of the lungs.
Inability to Clear Secretions
People with MND also have difficulty clearing secretions from the lungs, such as mucus and saliva. This can lead to a build-up of fluid in the lungs, which can impair breathing.
Poor Lung Function
MND can also lead to poor lung function, making it harder for the body to get enough oxygen. This can be caused by reduced lung capacity due to the weakening of the chest wall, as well as reduced airway diameter due to the weakening of the muscles in the throat.
Weight Loss
People with MND often experience weight loss, which can further impair respiratory function. This is due to the loss of muscle mass, which can reduce the body’s ability to take in oxygen.
Treatment for Respiratory Failure in MND
The main treatment for respiratory failure in MND is non-invasive ventilation (NIV). This involves the use of a ventilator to help the patient breathe more effectively. NIV can help to reduce the risk of respiratory failure, as well as improve quality of life. Other treatments for respiratory failure in MND include physiotherapy, speech and language therapy, and medications to help clear secretions.