Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), also known as chronic myelogenous leukemia, is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells. CML is caused by a mutation in the cells that produce white blood cells, which leads to an overproduction of white blood cells. This overproduction of white blood cells causes a disruption in the balance of other cells, leading to anemia, fatigue, infection, and even organ failure.
What Causes Chronic Myeloid Leukemia?
The exact cause of CML is unknown, but it is believed to be caused by genetic and environmental factors. It is thought that the mutation leading to CML is caused by exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, or viruses. It is also possible that the mutation can occur spontaneously, without any external triggers.
Genetic Factors
The most common genetic factor associated with CML is a mutation in the Philadelphia chromosome, which is a genetic abnormality found in some people with CML. The Philadelphia chromosome results in the overproduction of white blood cells. Other genetic factors that may predispose an individual to CML include mutations in the BCR-ABL gene and certain other genes associated with the immune system.
Environmental Factors
Although the exact cause of CML is unknown, there are some environmental factors that may increase the risk of developing the disease. These include exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene, and radiation, such as X-rays. Exposure to certain viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus, may also increase the risk of CML.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of CML is based on a thorough physical examination, a review of the patient’s medical history, and a series of tests to assess the levels of white blood cells. These tests may include a complete blood count, bone marrow biopsy, and genetic testing. Treatment for CML usually includes medication to stop the overproduction of white blood cells, and may also include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a stem cell transplant.