ASCUS (Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance) is a type of abnormality that may be found on a Pap smear, a screening test used to detect abnormal cell changes in the cervix. ASCUS is not caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) but may be caused by other infections such as herpes, chlamydia, or gonorrhea. Other possible causes of ASCUS are hormone changes, irritation, and chemical exposure.
Viral Infections
Viral infections such as herpes, chlamydia, and gonorrhea can cause ASCUS. These viruses can cause inflammation and changes to the cells of the cervix, leading to an ASCUS diagnosis. A doctor may be able to diagnose a viral infection with a physical exam or laboratory tests. Treatment for viral infections may include antiviral medications, antibiotics, or topical creams.
Hormonal Changes
Hormonal changes, such as those associated with pregnancy, menopause, or the use of birth control pills, can also cause ASCUS. During pregnancy, the cervix and vagina become more sensitive and susceptible to irritation and inflammation. This can lead to cell changes that are detected on a Pap smear. In menopause, hormonal levels can change, leading to cell changes that could result in an ASCUS diagnosis. Birth control pills can also cause hormonal changes that can lead to an ASCUS diagnosis.
Irritation or Chemical Exposure
Irritation or chemical exposure to the cervix can also cause ASCUS. The irritation can be caused by sexual activity, douching, or the use of certain products such as spermicides or lubricants. Chemical exposure can be caused by certain soaps, detergents, or douches. Treatment for ASCUS caused by irritation or chemical exposure may include avoiding certain products and activities that cause irritation or chemical exposure.
Follow-up Testing
If ASCUS is detected on a Pap smear, a doctor may recommend follow-up testing to determine the cause. This may include a colposcopy, a procedure in which a doctor looks at the cervix with a magnifying device. A doctor may also take a biopsy to examine the cells more closely. Follow-up testing can help determine the cause of ASCUS and help guide treatment.