Urine is a liquid waste product produced by the kidneys that typically is a pale yellow color. However, certain bacteria can cause changes in the color of urine, ranging from a deep red to a dark brown, depending on the type of bacteria present.
One of the most common causes of urine changing color is a urinary tract infection (UTI). This type of infection is caused by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), which can travel up the urethra and into the bladder. In the presence of these bacteria, urine may appear pink, red, or even dark brown. This is due to the presence of hemoglobin, which is released from red blood cells as they break down. The presence of bacteria in the bladder can also cause a strong, foul-smelling odor.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is another type of bacteria that can cause urine to change color. This type of bacteria can be found in contaminated water or soil, and can cause an infection known as pseudomonas UTI. This infection can cause the urine to turn blue or green, and can also produce a very strong odor.
In some cases, urine can also change color due to the presence of certain medications. Medications such as rifampin, phenazopyridine, and certain antibiotics can cause urine to turn orange or dark brown. This is due to an increase in the breakdown of pigment molecules in the urine.
In rare cases, urine may change color due to the presence of certain diseases. For example, liver disease or cancer can cause the urine to turn dark brown or even black, due to an accumulation of bilirubin, a breakdown product of red blood cells. Similarly, intake of large quantities of certain vitamins, such as vitamin B12, can also cause the urine to turn a deep yellow-orange color.
In conclusion, changes in the color of urine can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacteria, medications, and certain diseases. If the color change is accompanied by a foul odor or other symptoms, such as pain or burning with urination, it is important to seek medical attention in order to diagnose and treat the underlying cause.