Congenital heart defects are structural abnormalities of the heart that are present at birth. They are the most common type of birth defect and can range from mild to severe. The two major classifications of congenital heart defects are cyanotic heart defects and non-cyanotic heart defects.
Cyanotic heart defects are those that lead to a decrease in oxygen levels in the blood. They are caused by a decreased amount of oxygenated blood returning to the heart and being pumped out to the body. The most common cyanotic heart defects are tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, and tricuspid atresia. Symptoms of cyanotic heart defects include shortness of breath, fatigue, and a bluish tint to the skin, nails, and lips due to the low levels of oxygen in the blood.
Non-cyanotic heart defects are those that do not lead to a decrease in oxygen levels in the blood. They are caused by structural problems with the heart that prevent it from functioning properly. The most common non-cyanotic heart defects are atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and patent ductus arteriosus. Symptoms of non-cyanotic heart defects include fatigue, rapid breathing, and difficulty breathing.
In both types of congenital heart defects, the prognosis and treatment vary depending on the type and severity of the defect. In some cases, the defect can be repaired with surgery, while in others medication and lifestyle changes may be the only treatment option. In either case, it is important to receive prompt and appropriate medical care to ensure the best possible outcome.