Black lung, also known as coal workers' pneumoconiosis, is an occupational lung disease caused by long-term inhalation of coal dust. It is most commonly found in coal miners who work in underground mines, as the concentration of coal dust is much higher than in other working environments.
The disease is caused by the accumulation of coal dust particles in the lungs, which over time can cause scarring and inflammation. As the disease progresses, the lungs become stiffer and less able to move air in and out, resulting in difficulty breathing.
The initial stages of black lung are known as simple pneumoconiosis, and occur when coal dust particles enter the lungs and become trapped. This leads to inflammation, which causes the alveoli, or air sacs, to become irritated and swollen. As the condition progresses, the alveoli become filled with a black pigment, known as anthracosis, which is caused by the coal dust particles.
In more advanced stages of the disease, the alveoli become filled with fibrous tissue, which is the body's way of trying to contain the particles. The fibrous tissue makes it difficult for oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and the bloodstream, resulting in impaired breathing.
The most severe form of black lung is known as progressive massive fibrosis, which is characterized by large masses of fibrous tissue in the lungs that can cause severe breathing problems.
Black lung is an irreversible disease, and there is no known cure. Treatment involves managing symptoms and preventing further lung damage. This includes avoiding exposure to coal dust, quitting smoking, and using medications to help manage breathing problems.