Testing for bowel cancer typically begins with a primary screening, which is usually a colonoscopy or a sigmoidoscopy. During a colonoscopy, a long, thin, flexible tube with a camera attached is inserted into the rectum and used to examine the entire length of the colon. During a sigmoidoscopy, a similar tube is used to examine the lower part of the colon.
If a polyp or other abnormality is found during either of these tests, a small sample of tissue (biopsy) may be taken for further testing. If biopsy results show cancer, additional tests may be done to determine the stage of the cancer and possible treatment options.
Other tests that may be used to determine the extent of bowel cancer include imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans. These tests can help to determine the size and location of any tumors.
Blood tests may also be used to look for signs of bowel cancer. These tests look for certain proteins (tumor markers) that are found in the blood when cancer is present. Additionally, stool tests may be used to look for traces of blood, which can be an early sign of bowel cancer.
Finally, a physical exam may be performed to look for any lumps or other abnormalities in the rectum or abdomen.
It is important to note that no single test is definitive for diagnosing bowel cancer. Rather, a combination of tests is typically necessary to make an accurate diagnosis. Additionally, if any of the tests are suspicious for cancer, a biopsy of the suspicious area is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis.