Allergy test results are interpreted by a physician or other healthcare professional who specializes in allergies. The interpretation of the results depends on the type of test that was performed, as different tests provide different types of information.
Skin tests are the most common type of allergy test. In this test, a small amount of a suspected allergen is placed on the skin and the skin is then pricked with a small needle. If a person is allergic to a particular allergen, a small raised red bump, or wheal, will appear on the skin. The size of the wheal will indicate the severity of the person’s allergic reaction. A positive result is an indication that the person is likely to have an allergic reaction to the allergen.
Blood tests, such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or radioallergosorbent (RAST) tests, can also be used to detect allergies. These tests measure the level of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in the blood. IgE antibodies are produced by the body in response to allergens. If a person has a high level of IgE antibodies to a particular allergen, it is an indication that the person is likely to be allergic to that allergen.
The interpretation of allergy test results requires careful consideration of the medical history and exposure to the allergen in question. For example, if a person has a positive skin test for an allergen but has never been exposed to it, the result may not be reliable. In such cases, other allergy tests may be needed to confirm the diagnosis.
Once the results of the allergy test have been interpreted, the physician or healthcare provider can recommend a course of treatment. Depending on the severity of the allergy and the type of allergen, treatment may include avoidance of the allergen, medications, or immunotherapy.