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Alkaptonuria is an inherited disorder caused by a defect in the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD). This enzyme is responsible for breaking down the amino acid tyrosine in the body. Without it, tyrosine builds up in the body and is converted into a substance called homogentisic acid...

Q: When do the first signs of Alzheimer's start? A: Generally, the first signs of Alzheimer's disease may be subtle and can begin to appear years before a diagnosis is made. These early signs may include memory loss, difficulty focusing, confusion, and changes in personality or behavior.

"How does vodka compare to other types of liquor in terms of strength?" Vodka is generally considered to be a strong liquor, as it is usually around 40% alcohol by volume (ABV). This makes it stronger than most other liquors, such as whiskey, tequila, and rum, which generally range from 35-50% ABV.

The most common type of fast-growing tumor in the liver is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is a form of cancer that originates in the cells of the liver and is typically caused by chronic inflammation or damage to the liver caused by hepatitis, excessive alcohol consumption, or other...

Question: Why do some heavy drinkers not develop liver disease? Answer: It is believed that some heavy drinkers may have a genetic predisposition to resist the development of liver disease, or they may have a particularly healthy liver. Additionally, lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise...

Q: What foods can cause intestinal worms? A: Consuming undercooked meat, raw seafood, and unwashed fruits and vegetables can lead to intestinal worm infections, as these foods may contain worm larvae or eggs. It is important to cook meat thoroughly and wash produce before consuming to reduce...

Kidney stones typically cause intense pain in the lower back, side, or groin. Symptoms may also include nausea, vomiting, and blood in the urine. Urine may also appear cloudy or smell bad. Other symptoms may include a persistent urge to urinate, difficulty urinating, or pain when urinating.

Whooping cough is most common in infants and young children, though adults can also be affected. Booster shots are recommended for adults to reduce the risk of infection, as well as for children who are due for their next round of vaccinations. Vaccination is the best way to protect against...

Query: What tests are available to definitively rule out ALS? An EMG (electromyography) and a nerve conduction velocity test can be used to definitively rule out ALS. These tests measure the electrical activity of muscles and the speed of the electrical signals that travel through nerves. If...

Query: Do Alzheimer's patients sleep a lot? Yes, many Alzheimer's patients experience increased amounts of sleep. This is often due to the disease impacting their circadian rhythm, causing them to become more tired throughout the day and require more sleep overall. Additionally, Alzheimer's can...

Cholangiocarcinoma is a cancer of the bile ducts. Stage 4 cholangiocarcinoma is the most advanced stage, indicating that the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver and lungs. Treatment options may include chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery, depending on the...

Symptoms of psychosis include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and decreased emotional expression.

"What is black lung and what are the consequences of having it?" Black lung, also known as coal workers' pneumoconiosis, is an occupational lung disease caused by inhaling coal dust. Symptoms include coughing, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Over time, it can lead to permanent lung damage...

It is important to eat lean proteins and complex carbohydrates before bed, such as low-fat yogurt, a slice of whole-grain toast with almond butter, or a small bowl of oatmeal. These provide a slow release of energy and help to stabilize your blood sugar levels while sleeping.

Acute pancreatitis is usually diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, as well as laboratory tests, including a lipid panel and amylase and lipase levels. Imaging tests, such as an abdominal ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, may also be ordered to confirm...

Query: Is there hope for people suffering from COPD? Yes, there is hope for people suffering from COPD. With the right treatments and lifestyle changes, individuals can manage their condition and lead full and meaningful lives. There are also a variety of support groups and organizations that...

Q: How can I manage fatigue and exhaustion caused by rheumatoid arthritis? A: Managing fatigue and exhaustion caused by rheumatoid arthritis can be achieved by getting plenty of rest, exercising regularly, eating a balanced diet, and reducing stress. Additionally, speak to your doctor about...

Q: How do I cope with knowing I have cancer? A: It can be difficult to process the news of a cancer diagnosis. It is important to take time for yourself to process your emotions and find ways to work through them. Speak to a counselor or therapist to discuss your feelings. Additionally, reach...

Question: Is 3 cigarettes a day a heavy smoker? Answer: Not necessarily. Depending on the individual, 3 cigarettes a day may constitute a heavy smoker, however this is not always the case. It is important to consider factors such as frequency and duration of smoking, the individual's health...

Answer: Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It is an incredibly difficult disease to treat due to its ability to form spores, which are highly resistant to antibiotics and other treatments. Additionally, the bacterium is able to form a protective capsule...