Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAIHA) is an autoimmune disorder that results in the destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) by the body's immune system. Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues. In the case of WAIHA, histological analysis of the affected RBCs can provide valuable insight into the cause of the disease.
Histological Characteristics of WAIHA
In WAIHA, histological examination of the affected red blood cells reveals several characteristic features. These include the presence of IgG and/or IgM antibodies on the surface of the RBCs, as well as the presence of C3b fragments on the surface of the cell. The presence of these antibodies and C3b fragments indicate that the RBCs have been targeted by the body's immune system.
In addition, histological examination of the affected RBCs can reveal other features that may help to identify the cause of the WAIHA. These include the presence of microspherocytes, which are abnormally small RBCs that are an indication of ongoing hemolysis (destruction of RBCs). Additionally, the presence of fragmented RBCs, which are indicative of mechanical hemolysis, can also be seen.
Implications of Histological Examination
The results of a histological examination of the affected RBCs in WAIHA can provide valuable information to healthcare professionals. The presence of IgG and IgM antibodies, as well as C3b fragments, can help to confirm that the patient has WAIHA and can provide an indication of the cause of the disease. In addition, the presence of microspherocytes and other signs of hemolysis can help to determine the severity of the WAIHA and the need for treatment.
