Dystonia is a neurological disorder that causes involuntary muscle contractions and spasms. The exact cause of dystonia is unknown, however, it is believed to be related to a dysfunction of the basal ganglia, which is a part of the brain responsible for controlling movement. It can be caused by genetic factors, environmental triggers, or a combination of both.
Genetic Causes
Dystonia can be caused by a mutation in certain genes, including those responsible for the production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter important for controlling movement. There are several known genetic mutations that can cause dystonia, including those associated with Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.
Environmental Causes
Dystonia can also be caused by environmental triggers, such as certain medications, head trauma, and infections. Exposure to certain toxins, such as carbon monoxide, mercury, and lead, can also cause dystonia.
Treatment
Treatment for dystonia varies depending on the type and severity of the condition. Common treatments include physical therapy, medication, and surgery. Botulinum toxin injections are also often used to relax the muscles affected by dystonia.