Anorectal fistulas are a common type of medical condition that affects the area around the anus and rectum. Fistulas are abnormal connections between two organs or between an organ and the skin. An anorectal fistula is typically caused by an infection or inflammation in the anal area.
The most common type of anorectal fistula is a cryptoglandular fistula. This type of fistula is caused by an infection in the anal crypts, which are small glands located near the anal opening. The infection can spread from the crypts to the anal opening and create a fistula. Cryptoglandular fistulas can be further classified as either low or high-level fistulas. Low-level fistulas are located close to the anus and usually involve only one or two tracts, while high-level fistulas involve more than two tracts and may extend farther up the rectum.
Other types of anorectal fistulas include Crohn's fistulas, radiation fistulas, and congenital fistulas. Crohn's fistulas are caused by an inflammatory bowel disease called Crohn's and typically involve multiple tracts. Radiation fistulas are caused by radiation therapy to the rectal area and can also involve multiple tracts. Congenital fistulas are present at birth and may involve multiple tracts.
Anorectal fistulas can be treated with medications, surgery, or a combination of both. Treatment options vary depending on the type and severity of the fistula. Treatment may involve cleaning and draining the fistula, and antibiotics may be prescribed if the fistula is infected. Surgery is usually the best option for complex fistulas or those that do not respond to other treatments.
No matter the type of anorectal fistula, it is important to seek medical attention. Anorectal fistulas can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, itching, and discharge. If left untreated, they can lead to more serious complications.
