Addison disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare disorder in which the adrenal glands fail to produce enough of the hormone cortisol and, in some cases, the hormone aldosterone. The most common factor of Addison disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the body’s own immune system attacks and destroys the adrenal glands. This leads to a deficiency of the hormones cortisol and aldosterone, resulting in a variety of symptoms including fatigue, low blood pressure, muscle weakness, weight loss, and skin discoloration.
In some cases, Addison disease is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the adrenal glands. This is called congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Other potential causes include infections, such as tuberculosis and HIV, as well as certain medications, tumors, and pituitary gland disorders.
No matter the cause, the most common factor of Addison disease is an insufficient production of cortisol and aldosterone by the adrenal glands. This can have a wide range of physical and psychological symptoms, such as fatigue, weight loss, and skin discoloration. Treatment typically involves replacing the deficient hormones with medications and monitoring the patient’s progress.