The most common type of congenital heart disease is a ventricular septal defect (VSD). VSDs are the most common abnormality of the heart, occurring in up to 25% of all congenital heart diseases. VSDs are caused by a defect in the wall (septum) between the two lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart. This defect allows oxygen-rich blood to mix with oxygen-poor blood, resulting in too much oxygen-poor blood being pumped out to the body. Symptoms of VSD vary depending on the size of the defect and can include rapid breathing, shortness of breath, poor growth, and in some cases, heart failure. Treatment for VSD includes medication, surgical repair, or both.
Risk Factors for Congenital Heart Disease
Congenital heart disease can occur in any baby, but certain factors can increase the risk. These risk factors include having a parent or sibling with a heart defect, being born prematurely, and having a chromosomal disorder or certain infections during pregnancy. Additionally, mothers who smoke, drink alcohol, or use certain medications during pregnancy are at an increased risk of having a baby with a congenital heart defect.
Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease
A diagnosis of congenital heart disease is usually made during pregnancy through ultrasound imaging. After birth, a physical exam and additional tests such as an echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, and cardiac catheterization can be used to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment for Congenital Heart Disease
Treatment for congenital heart disease can vary depending on the type and severity of the defect. Treatment may include medication, surgery, or both. In some cases, the defect may resolve on its own with time.