Avascular bone necrosis (AVN) is a condition where the bone tissue dies due to lack of oxygen and nutrient supply, caused by reduced blood flow to the affected area. It is most commonly caused by an interruption of the normal blood supply to the bone, due to trauma, such as a fracture or dislocation, or due to an underlying medical condition.
The most common cause of AVN is trauma, such as a fracture or dislocation. When there is a break in the bone, the internal blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone with oxygen and nutrients can be damaged. This can cause an interruption of the normal blood supply to the area, leading to a reduction in the amount of oxygen and nutrients getting to the bone tissue, eventually causing the death of the bone tissue.
Another common cause of AVN is an underlying medical condition. Conditions such as sickle cell anemia, Gaucher's disease, and hemophilia can cause a disruption in the normal blood supply to the bone, leading to a reduction in oxygen and nutrient delivery and eventually causing bone tissue death. Other medical conditions that can lead to AVN include diabetes, lupus, and certain types of cancer.
In some cases, AVN can be caused by medications, such as corticosteroids, or by long-term alcohol abuse, which can reduce the amount of oxygen and nutrients getting to the bone tissue.
AVN is a serious condition that can lead to permanent damage to the bone and can require surgery to repair the affected area. Early diagnosis and treatment is essential to prevent further damage and allow for successful recovery.