Aplastic anemia is a rare but serious medical condition in which the body is unable to produce enough new blood cells. It is a type of anemia, which is caused by a decrease in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The most common cause of aplastic anemia is a reaction to certain medications, infections, or exposure to toxins or radiation. In some cases, it can be a result of inherited genetic conditions.
Medication-Induced Aplastic Anemia
Medication-induced aplastic anemia is the most common cause of aplastic anemia. This type of aplastic anemia is caused by the use of certain medications, such as chloramphenicol, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and sulfonamides. Other medications that may cause aplastic anemia include some chemotherapy drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, and certain antifungal medications.
Infectious Causes of Aplastic Anemia
Infections are another common cause of aplastic anemia. Viral infections, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and hepatitis B and C, can cause aplastic anemia. Bacterial infections, such as syphilis, tuberculosis, and brucellosis, can also lead to aplastic anemia. In addition, parasites, such as malaria, can cause aplastic anemia.
Exposure to Toxins and Radiation
Exposure to toxins, such as benzene, and radiation can also cause aplastic anemia. Exposure to benzene, which is found in gasoline and other petroleum products, can cause aplastic anemia. Radiation, such as that from X-rays, can also cause aplastic anemia.
Inherited Genetic Conditions
In some cases, aplastic anemia can be caused by an inherited genetic condition. This type of aplastic anemia is known as Fanconi anemia, which is a rare inherited disorder that causes bone marrow failure.