Acute myelitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the spinal cord, usually resulting in weakness and sensory disturbances in the lower extremities. It can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections, but the exact cause is not always known.
Causes of Acute Myelitis
The most common cause of acute myelitis is a viral infection, such as varicella-zoster virus (VZV), West Nile virus (WNV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or enteroviruses. Bacterial infections, such as Lyme disease and syphilis, can also cause acute myelitis. In rare cases, it can be caused by a fungal infection, such as cryptococcus neoformans.
Risk Factors
People with weakened immune systems due to HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, or other immunosuppressive conditions are at an increased risk of developing acute myelitis. Additionally, people who have had recent exposure to viruses or bacteria, or who have recently received a vaccine, are at a higher risk.
Diagnosis
Acute myelitis is diagnosed based on a patient’s medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine may be used to assess the extent of the inflammation and to determine the cause. Blood tests may also be used to detect any underlying infections.
Treatment
Treatment for acute myelitis depends on the underlying cause. Antiviral medications may be prescribed for viral infections, while antibiotics may be used for bacterial infections. In some cases, corticosteroids may be used to reduce inflammation. Physical therapy can also help to reduce muscle weakness and improve function.