Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the joints, resulting in pain, swelling, and stiffness. While the exact cause of RA remains unknown, scientists believe that genetics, environmental factors, and the immune system all play a role in its development.
Genetics
Research suggests that certain genes can make people more likely to develop RA. For example, individuals who carry certain variants of the HLA-DRB1 gene are more likely to develop the condition. Other genes, such as PTPN22, STAT4, and CTLA-4, may also increase the risk of RA.
Environmental Factors
It is believed that exposure to certain environmental factors can trigger the development of RA. These include smoking, certain infections, and exposure to certain chemicals. Some research also suggests that obesity may be a risk factor for RA.
The Immune System
The immune system normally protects the body against infection and disease. In people with RA, however, it attacks the joints instead. This leads to inflammation and damage to the surrounding tissue, resulting in pain, stiffness, and swelling.
In summary, the exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown, but it is likely a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors.