Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare inherited disorder that affects the nervous and immune systems and can cause a wide range of physical and neurological symptoms. The genetic marker for A-T is a mutation in the ATM gene, located on chromosome 11. This gene carries instructions for making a protein called ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, which plays a role in controlling cell growth and repairing damaged DNA.
The ATM gene mutation is responsible for the majority of A-T cases. In most cases, the mutation is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means that both copies of the gene must be mutated in order for the disorder to be expressed. It is estimated that between one in 40,000 and one in 300,000 people have the gene mutation that causes A-T.
The ATM gene mutation can be identified through a variety of tests, including genetic testing, protein analysis, and chromosome analysis. Genetic testing is the most reliable and accurate method for determining the presence of the ATM mutation. It is a complex process that involves isolating DNA from a sample of blood or other biological material and examining it for any mutations in the ATM gene. Protein analysis is a less reliable method for detecting the ATM mutation, but it can be used to confirm a genetic diagnosis. Chromosome analysis is a less common test that looks for changes in the structure of chromosomes 11 and 14, which are associated with A-T.
A-T is a serious condition, but it is possible to manage its symptoms and slow its progression. Early diagnosis and treatment can help to reduce the chances of developing severe complications. Genetic testing is the best way to accurately diagnose A-T and can help patients and their families plan for the future.