The common name for phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited disorder of metabolism where the body is unable to properly break down the amino acid phenylalanine. PKU is caused by a genetic mutation that results in a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is responsible for converting phenylalanine into tyrosine. Symptoms of PKU include intellectual disability, developmental delay, seizures, behavioral problems, and light-colored hair and skin. If left untreated, PKU can lead to serious complications such as mental retardation, seizures, and heart and liver disease.
The primary treatment for PKU is a diet low in phenylalanine, which is monitored with frequent blood tests to ensure that levels remain within the recommended range. Additionally, many patients take a synthetic form of the missing enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase, to help break down the amino acid.
PKU is a serious condition that requires lifelong management, and an early diagnosis is critical to reducing the chances of long-term complications. Therefore, it is important for all newborns to be tested for the disorder.