Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare disorder in which a person's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys their own red blood cells (RBCs). AIHA can occur at any age, but it is most often diagnosed in children and young adults. The exact cause of AIHA is unknown, but it is thought to be triggered by a variety of factors, including infections, medications, and other underlying medical conditions.
What Causes Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia?
The exact cause of AIHA is not known, but it is believed to be triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It is thought that an underlying immune system disorder or an infection can trigger the production of antibodies that attack the body's own red blood cells. AIHA can also be caused by certain medications, such as penicillin and sulfonamides. Other possible causes include autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, and certain blood disorders, such as thalassemia.
Diagnosis of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
AIHA is usually diagnosed with a combination of a physical exam, blood tests, and a bone marrow biopsy. The physical exam may reveal signs of anemia, such as pale skin, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Blood tests can help detect anemia, as well as the presence of antibodies attacking the red blood cells. A bone marrow biopsy can help confirm the diagnosis of AIHA and can provide information about the underlying cause.
Treatment of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
The treatment of AIHA depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Treatment may include medications, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, to reduce the production of antibodies and allow the body to produce healthy red blood cells. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary to replace the destroyed red blood cells. In severe cases, a bone marrow transplant may be necessary to correct the underlying cause of the AIHA.
