Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare disorder caused by damage to the adrenal cortex, the outer layer of the adrenal glands. The primary function of the adrenal cortex is to produce hormones, such as cortisol and aldosterone, which regulate various body functions, including blood pressure, metabolism, and the body's response to stress. When the adrenal cortex is damaged, these hormones are not produced in sufficient amounts, resulting in Addison's disease.
The most common cause of Addison's disease is long-term damage to the adrenal cortex due to an autoimmune disorder. In this condition, the body's immune system incorrectly attacks the adrenal cortex, impairing its ability to produce hormones. This type of Addison's disease is most commonly associated with other autoimmune disorders, such as type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, and pernicious anemia.
Other less common causes of Addison's disease include infections, such as tuberculosis or HIV, which can damage the adrenal cortex, or certain medications, such as long-term use of glucocorticoids, which can also impair the adrenal cortex. In some cases, the cause of Addison's disease is unknown.
Regardless of the cause, Addison's disease can be life-threatening if left untreated. Treatment typically involves hormone replacement therapy, which helps to restore hormone levels to normal. In addition, patients with Addison's disease may need to make lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly, to help manage the condition.