Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) is a condition that results in the destruction of an infant's red blood cells (RBCs). The destruction of RBCs is caused by the presence of antibodies that are produced by the mother's immune system and pass through the placenta into the baby's bloodstream. HDN is also referred to as erythroblastosis fetalis, or hemolytic anemia of the newborn.
Causes of HDN
HDN is caused by a difference in the blood types between the mother and the baby. This difference in blood types is called Rh incompatibility. The most common type of Rh incompatibility occurs when the mother is Rh negative and the baby is Rh positive. In this case, the mother's immune system produces antibodies that attack the baby's Rh positive RBCs. These antibodies cross the placenta and enter the baby's bloodstream, destroying the baby's RBCs.
Signs and Symptoms of HDN
The signs and symptoms of HDN vary depending on the severity of the condition. In mild cases, the baby may not show any signs or symptoms. In more severe cases, the baby may have jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), an enlarged spleen and liver, and a decreased number of red blood cells.
Treatment of HDN
The treatment of HDN depends on the severity of the condition. In mild cases, the baby may only need observation. In more severe cases, the baby may need a blood transfusion or immunoglobulin therapy. Immunoglobulin therapy involves the injection of antibodies that can help the baby's body to fight off the mother's antibodies. In some cases, a baby with HDN may also require phototherapy to help break down the bilirubin in the baby's body.
