Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder that causes patchy hair loss. It is most commonly seen in adults, but it can affect children as well. In this condition, the immune system mistakenly attacks the hair follicles, resulting in hair loss on the scalp, face, and other parts of the body.
The exact cause of alopecia areata is unknown, but it is thought to be related to genetics. Other factors that may play a role include stress, hormones, environmental triggers, or an underlying medical condition.
The most common symptom of alopecia areata is the sudden appearance of smooth, round bald patches on the scalp. These patches can vary in size and may be limited to one area or spread out across the scalp. Other areas of the body, such as the beard, eyebrows, or eyelashes may be affected as well.
Alopecia areata is usually treated with topical medications, such as corticosteroids or minoxidil, or with medications that are taken by mouth, such as immunosuppressants. In some cases, light therapy may be used to stimulate hair growth.
Although it can be distressing, alopecia areata is not contagious and does not usually lead to permanent hair loss. With treatment, hair can often grow back, although the new hair may be a different color or texture than the original hair.