Polyendocrinopathies are a group of autoimmune disorders that involve multiple endocrine glands. These disorders can be classified into primary and secondary forms. Primary polyendocrinopathies are caused by an underlying genetic defect or mutation and are typically inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Secondary polyendocrinopathies are caused by an environmental trigger, such as an infection or a medication, and are not inherited.
The most common form of primary polyendocrinopathy is called autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS). This disorder is characterized by the presence of multiple autoimmune diseases in the same individual, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Addison's disease, type 1 diabetes, vitiligo, alopecia areata, and others.
Secondary polyendocrinopathy is most commonly seen in individuals with long-term exposure to immunosuppressive medications, such as those used in organ transplantation. In these cases, the individual may develop multiple endocrine disorders, including hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency.
The diagnosis of a polyendocrinopathy is typically made with a combination of clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications, lifestyle modifications, and surgery.