Signs and Symptoms
Hemolytic anemia is a condition where red blood cells are broken down faster than normal. Common symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, pale skin, yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice), and dark urine. Other symptoms may include fever, abdominal pain, chest pain, and dizziness.
Causes
Hemolytic anemia can be caused by a variety of factors, including inherited conditions, infections, autoimmune diseases, medications, toxins, and radiation. Inherited conditions that may cause hemolytic anemia include sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and G6PD deficiency. Infections that may cause hemolytic anemia include malaria, babesiosis, and Epstein-Barr virus. Autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, can also cause hemolytic anemia. Certain medications, such as penicillin, can also cause hemolytic anemia. Toxins, such as lead, arsenic, and mercury, and radiation can also lead to hemolytic anemia.
Diagnosis
Hemolytic anemia is diagnosed through a physical exam and a complete blood count (CBC). The CBC will show anemia, with low red blood cell counts and low hemoglobin levels. The doctor may also order additional tests to determine the underlying cause of the anemia. These tests may include a reticulocyte count, a red blood cell morphology, a direct antiglobulin test, and a Coombs test.
Treatment
Treatment for hemolytic anemia depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, the anemia may resolve without treatment. In other cases, treatment may include medications, such as antibiotics, antimalarial drugs, anticoagulants, and corticosteroids. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be needed. In severe cases, a bone marrow transplant may be necessary.
