Blood Transfusion Reaction Overview
A blood transfusion reaction is a reaction that occurs when a person receives blood or blood products that are not compatible with their own. This can cause a variety of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe. Blood transfusion reactions can occur when blood types are mismatched, when there is an infection, or when the body has an adverse reaction to certain components of the transfused blood.
Causes of Blood Transfusion Reactions
The most common cause of a blood transfusion reaction is an incompatible blood type. When the donor's blood type is different from the recipient's, the recipient's body may recognize the donor's blood cells as foreign and attempt to destroy them. This immune response can cause a variety of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe.
Infection can also cause a blood transfusion reaction. If donated blood is not adequately screened for bacteria or viruses, the recipient may become infected when the blood is transfused.
Sometimes, a person may have an allergic reaction to components of the transfused blood, such as the preservative solution used to store the blood.
Symptoms of Blood Transfusion Reaction
The symptoms of a blood transfusion reaction can vary, depending on the cause. Mild reactions may cause symptoms such as fever, chills, rash, hives, wheezing, and nausea. In more severe cases, a transfusion reaction can cause organ failure, shock, and even death.
Treatment for Blood Transfusion Reaction
Treatment for a blood transfusion reaction depends on the cause. If the reaction is due to an incompatible blood type, the transfusion should be stopped immediately and the recipient should be given medications to counteract the reaction. If the cause of the reaction is an infection, antibiotics may be given to the recipient. Allergic reactions may be treated with antihistamines and other medications. In cases of severe reactions, the recipient may need to be hospitalized and given supportive care.
