Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are proteins produced by the body’s immune system in response to an antigen, such as a virus or bacteria. They are part of the body’s adaptive immune system, which is responsible for identifying and responding to foreign invaders. Immunoglobulins are made up of four protein chains, and each chain is made up of a type of antibody known as an IgG, IgM, IgA, or IgE.
The primary function of immunoglobulins is to bind to antigens and help the body recognize and eliminate them. When an antigen is detected, B cells make copies of the antigens and display them on their surface. The B cells then release immunoglobulins which bind to the antigens and mark them for destruction by other immune cells. Immunoglobulins also play a role in neutralizing toxins and other substances produced by pathogens, as well as in stimulating other immune cells to respond.
Immunoglobulins are also important for helping the body to remember and recognize antigens it has encountered in the past. This helps the body to mount a stronger response the next time it encounters the same antigen, resulting in faster and more effective protection.
In addition to their role in the body’s adaptive immune response, immunoglobulins also play a role in the body’s innate immunity. Certain immunoglobulins, such as IgA and IgM, can act as a first line of defense against pathogens by binding to them and preventing them from entering the body’s cells.
Immunoglobulins are also used therapeutically to treat a variety of conditions, such as autoimmune diseases, infections, and cancer. In these cases, immunoglobulins are injected into the patient in order to boost the body’s natural immune response.