Breathing is controlled by a part of the brain known as the respiratory centre. This area of the brain receives signals from various parts of the body, including the lungs, muscles, blood vessels, and other organs. The respiratory centre then sends signals to the diaphragm and other muscles to control the rate and depth of breathing.
Signals from the Lungs
The lungs are the primary organs responsible for controlling breathing. They contain several specialized cells that detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body. When oxygen levels decrease, these cells send signals to the respiratory centre. This signals the body to increase its breathing rate and depth, so more oxygen can be taken in. Similarly, when carbon dioxide levels rise, the cells send signals to the respiratory centre, signaling the body to increase its breathing rate and depth to expel the excess carbon dioxide.
Signals from the Muscles
The muscles also have a role in controlling breathing. Muscles can send signals to the respiratory centre when they become fatigued or overworked. When these signals are received, the respiratory centre will send signals to the diaphragm and other muscles to slow down or stop breathing.
Signals from the Blood Vessels
The blood vessels also send signals to the respiratory centre when they become too constricted or too relaxed. When the blood vessels become too constricted, the signals sent to the respiratory centre signal the body to increase its breathing rate and depth, so more oxygen can be taken in. Similarly, when the blood vessels become too relaxed, the signals sent to the respiratory centre signal the body to slow down or stop breathing.
Other Signals
The respiratory centre also receives signals from other organs and systems in the body, including the heart, digestive system, and nervous system. These signals tell the respiratory centre to adjust the rate and depth of breathing according to the body's needs. For example, if the heart rate increases, the lungs will take in more oxygen to meet the increased demand. Similarly, if the digestive system signals that food has been consumed, the lungs will take in more oxygen to help with digestion.
