Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries. It is usually caused by bacteria, such as gonorrhea or chlamydia, that enter the body through sexual intercourse. In some cases, PID can be caused by other organisms, such as bacteria from the vagina or rectum, or even from the appendix or an intrauterine device.
The most common cause of PID is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. These STIs can spread to the reproductive organs through unprotected sexual intercourse. In addition, PID can be caused by other bacteria, including anaerobic bacteria, which are often found in the vagina or rectum, and which can travel up into the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries.
Other possible causes of PID include having multiple sexual partners, douching, using an intrauterine device, or having a history of PID or other pelvic infections. PID is also more common in women who have recently had an abortion or given birth.
In some cases, PID may be caused by a pelvic infection that is not caused by a sexually transmitted infection. This may include an infection caused by bacteria that normally live in the vagina, or a bacterial infection caused by the use of certain types of IUDs.
No matter the cause, PID can lead to serious complications, such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of PID, such as pain in the lower abdomen, irregular menstrual bleeding, pain during intercourse, and/or unusual vaginal discharge. Treatment for PID typically includes antibiotics, and your healthcare provider may also recommend lifestyle changes, such as abstaining from sexual intercourse until treatment is complete.