Hemolytic disease is a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced. This can lead to anemia, fatigue, jaundice, and other serious health problems. There are several causes of hemolytic disease, including genetic disorders, infections, and certain medications.
Genetic Causes of Hemolytic Disease
Hemolytic disease can be caused by genetic conditions, such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. These disorders are inherited from one or both parents.
In sickle cell disease, red blood cells become misshapen and can become stuck in small blood vessels. This can block the flow of oxygen to organs and tissues and cause pain and other complications.
Thalassemia is a group of disorders that affect the production of hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells. People with thalassemia have fewer healthy red blood cells than normal and may develop anemia.
G6PD deficiency is a disorder that affects the body's ability to produce a type of enzyme that helps protect red blood cells. Without this enzyme, red blood cells are destroyed more quickly than normal, leading to hemolytic disease.
Infectious Causes of Hemolytic Disease
Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites can also lead to hemolytic disease. These include malaria, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasmosis.
Malaria is a parasitic infection that is spread by mosquito bites. It can damage red blood cells and lead to anemia and other complications.
Epstein-Barr virus is best known for causing mononucleosis, but it can also cause hemolytic disease.
Cytomegalovirus is a common virus that can cause mild or serious illness, including hemolytic disease.
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection that can cause hemolytic disease in people with weakened immune systems.
Medications That Can Cause Hemolytic Disease
Certain medications, including antibiotics and anticonvulsants, can cause hemolytic disease. These drugs can damage red blood cells or interfere with their production.
Antibiotics, such as penicillin and ciprofloxacin, can cause anemia by damaging red blood cells.
Anticonvulsants, such as phenytoin and carbamazepine, can also cause hemolytic disease.
It's important to talk to your doctor about any medications you're taking and the potential side effects.
