Genital warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that is spread through intimate skin-to-skin contact, such as vaginal, anal, or oral sex. HPV is very common and is estimated to affect up to 80% of sexually active adults at some point in their lives. Though most HPV infections do not cause any symptoms, some forms of the virus can cause genital warts, which are small, fleshy bumps that can appear in and around the genitals, anus, and upper thighs.
The virus is passed on through direct skin contact with an infected person, where the virus can enter the body through tiny cuts, abrasions, or even microscopic ones. HPV can also be passed on by using sex toys that have not been washed or covered with a new condom each time they are used.
Genital warts are not always visible and can therefore go unnoticed. They may appear as a single bump or in clusters and can vary in size and shape. Some may be raised or flat, while others may have a cauliflower-like appearance. Genital warts can be itchy and may cause discomfort, but they are usually painless.
Genital warts can also be prevented by getting the HPV vaccine, which is available to both men and women. The vaccine is most effective when given before any sexual contact and can offer protection against some of the more serious forms of HPV. Practicing safe sex is also important, as condoms can help reduce the risk of transmission.