Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (AITL) is a rare and aggressive type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). AITL is a type of T-cell lymphoma that occurs when a type of white blood cell called a T-cell grows and divides uncontrollably. AITL can spread quickly to other parts of the body, such as the organs, and can be life-threatening if not treated.
The exact cause of AITL is unknown. However, researchers believe that a combination of genetic and environmental factors may play a role in its development.
Genetic Factors
Genetic mutations, or changes in the genetic code, can lead to AITL. These mutations can affect the way cells grow and divide, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.
In some cases, these mutations can be inherited from a parent, while in other cases they can occur spontaneously. It is unclear why these mutations occur, but researchers believe that certain environmental factors may play a role. For example, exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, or viruses may trigger these mutations.
Immune System Dysfunction
AITL is thought to be caused by a malfunction in the immune system. The immune system helps to protect the body from foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. In people with AITL, the immune system does not work properly and cannot fight off the abnormal T-cells.
This malfunction can be caused by an autoimmune disorder, where the immune system attacks healthy cells, or by an infection. In some cases, the immune system may become overactive, leading to an increased production of T-cells. This can lead to the accumulation of abnormal T-cells in the body, which can lead to AITL.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosing AITL can be difficult, as the symptoms are often similar to other types of lymphomas. A doctor may order a blood test, a biopsy, and other tests to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment for AITL often involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy. In some cases, a stem cell transplant may be needed. The outlook for AITL depends on the stage and severity of the disease.