Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. It occurs when the body's immune system overreacts to a foreign substance, such as a food, medicine, or insect sting. Anaphylaxis can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, and can even be fatal if not treated quickly.
What Causes Anaphylaxis?
Anaphylaxis is caused by an allergic reaction to a substance known as an allergen. Allergens can come in many forms, including food, medicine, insect stings, and other environmental triggers.
IgE antibodies are produced when the body is exposed to an allergen for the first time. These antibodies cause the release of chemicals, such as histamine, that cause anaphylactic symptoms.
Common Triggers of Anaphylaxis
The most common triggers of anaphylaxis are food, medicine, and insect stings.
Food allergens can include nuts, shellfish, dairy, and eggs. Some people can be allergic to more than one food, and even trace amounts of the food can cause a reaction.
Medication allergens can include antibiotics, aspirin, and other over-the-counter and prescription medications.
Insect stings from bees, wasps, and other insects can also trigger anaphylaxis.
Risk Factors for Anaphylaxis
The risk of anaphylaxis increases if you have a history of allergies, asthma, or other allergic conditions. People with a family history of allergies are also at an increased risk.
Signs and Symptoms of Anaphylaxis
Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis can vary, but the most common include hives, difficulty breathing, wheezing, tightness in the throat or chest, nausea, vomiting, and swelling of the face, lips, and tongue.
If you experience any of these symptoms, seek medical help immediately. Anaphylaxis can be fatal if not treated quickly.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Anaphylaxis
If you think you are having an anaphylactic reaction, seek medical help immediately. Your doctor will likely perform a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms and medical history.
Your doctor may also order blood tests or skin tests to determine the allergen causing the reaction.
Treatment of anaphylaxis usually involves the use of epinephrine, a hormone that helps to reduce the symptoms of anaphylaxis. Other medications, such as antihistamines and corticosteroids, may also be used to treat the reaction.
Preventing Anaphylaxis
The best way to prevent anaphylaxis is to avoid the allergens that trigger it. If you are allergic to certain foods, medications, or insect stings, make sure to take steps to avoid those triggers.
If you are at risk of anaphylaxis, your doctor may also recommend carrying an epinephrine auto-injector, such as an EpiPen, with you at all times.