Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a birth defect caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. It is one of the most common causes of mental retardation and physical malformations in infants. FAS can range in severity, and there are three distinct types: partial FAS, fetal alcohol syndrome, and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder.
Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Partial FAS (pFAS) is the mildest form of the disorder. Babies with pFAS may have some facial abnormalities, such as a thin philtrum (the indentation between the nose and upper lip), and may have some growth and/or learning difficulties. However, they generally have no major physical or mental impairments.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is the most severe form of FAS and is characterized by physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities. These abnormalities can include a small head size, facial deformities, heart, liver, and skeletal abnormalities, and mental retardation. Infants with FAS may also have difficulty learning, poor coordination, hyperactivity, and behavioral problems.
Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder
Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND) is the second most severe form of FAS and is characterized by physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities, but usually to a lesser degree than FAS. ARND may cause learning disabilities, poor coordination, and behavioral problems. It is important to note that some of the physical and mental abnormalities associated with ARND can be very subtle, and may not be diagnosed until the child is older.