Adhesive capsulitis, commonly known as frozen shoulder, is a condition that affects the shoulder joint and limits motion. It is characterized by pain and stiffness in the shoulder and is a result of damage to the shoulder capsule, which is the structure that surrounds the shoulder joint and holds it together.
The primary cause of adhesive capsulitis is unknown, although it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder. When the body perceives the shoulder joint as a foreign object, it mounts an immune response, which causes inflammation and stiffness in the joint. It is also possible that adhesive capsulitis is caused by trauma to the shoulder, such as a dislocation or tear, or even infection.
Secondary causes of adhesive capsulitis include prolonged immobilization of the shoulder joint, such as after a fracture or surgery, and conditions that affect the shoulder muscles, such as rotator cuff tears. Additionally, certain chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes or thyroid disease, can predispose an individual to developing adhesive capsulitis.
In some cases, the cause of adhesive capsulitis is unknown. In these cases, it is likely a combination of the primary and secondary causes mentioned above. Regardless of the cause, adhesive capsulitis is a painful condition that can severely limit shoulder mobility. Fortunately, there are treatment options available, such as physical therapy, steroid injections, and surgery.