Hemolytic anemia is a type of anemia caused by the accelerated destruction of red blood cells (RBCs). This destruction can be caused by a number of different factors, including genetic, autoimmune, or environmental causes. The general findings of hemolytic anemia include anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly, and elevated reticulocyte count.
Signs and Symptoms
The most common signs and symptoms of hemolytic anemia include anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly, and elevated reticulocyte count. Anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells (RBCs), which results in a decrease in the amount of oxygen delivered to the tissues. Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes due to a buildup of bilirubin in the bloodstream. Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen, which is responsible for the breakdown of RBCs. An elevated reticulocyte count is an indicator of increased production of RBCs by the bone marrow.
Diagnosis
Hemolytic anemia is typically diagnosed using a combination of physical examination, laboratory testing, and imaging studies. Physical examination may reveal signs of anemia, jaundice, or splenomegaly. Laboratory testing may include a complete blood count (CBC), a peripheral blood smear, and a reticulocyte count. Imaging studies may include a chest X-ray or abdominal ultrasound.
Treatment
The treatment of hemolytic anemia depends on the underlying cause. Treatment may include medications to reduce the destruction of RBCs, such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressants. Blood transfusions may also be necessary if the anemia is severe. In some cases, a bone marrow or stem cell transplant may be necessary.
