The “big four” coping strategies are problem-focused, emotion-focused, positive reappraisal, and acceptance.
Problem-focused coping is a strategy in which one works to directly solve the problem causing stress. This could involve gathering information, developing a plan of action, and taking action to resolve the problem. This type of coping is best for dealing with issues that are concrete and practical, and in which there are clear steps one can take to resolve the issue.
Emotion-focused coping is a strategy in which one works to manage or cope with the emotional response to a stressor. This could involve developing healthy ways to express and deal with difficult emotions, such as talking to a friend, journaling, or engaging in physical activity. This type of coping is best for dealing with issues for which there is no clear solution and where the emotions associated with the issue are the primary source of distress.
Positive reappraisal is a strategy in which one attempts to reframe or look at the stressor from a more positive perspective. This could involve looking for the silver lining in a difficult situation, focusing on what one has learned from an experience, or finding a way to take advantage of an opportunity. This type of coping is best for dealing with issues that can be viewed as an opportunity or lesson to be learned.
Finally, acceptance is a strategy in which one accepts that certain things are out of one's control. This could involve reframing a situation as an opportunity to practice resilience, recognizing that there are certain things one cannot change, and learning to let go of what one cannot control. This type of coping is best for dealing with issues that cannot be solved or changed, and for which acceptance is the most effective way to move forward.
