1. Speech and Language Disorders: These can affect the ability to produce and comprehend verbal language, including articulation, fluency, and/or language comprehension. Examples include stuttering, dysarthria, apraxia, and aphasia.
2. Voice Disorders: These can affect the acoustic quality of a person's voice, including pitch, loudness, resonance, and/or breath support. Examples include dysphonia and vocal nodules.
3. Cognitive-Communication Disorders: These can affect the ability to comprehend, process, and/or formulate language, including memory, sequencing, organization, and/or problem-solving. Examples include dementia and head trauma.
4. Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorders: These can affect the ability to use verbal and non-verbal communication for social interaction. Examples include difficulties in understanding and using body language, facial expressions, and gestures.
5. Oral-Motor/Feeding and Swallowing Disorders: These can affect the ability to move the muscles of the face, mouth, and/or throat necessary for eating, drinking, and speaking. Examples include dysphagia and oral-motor delays.